Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both (American Diabetes Association, 2010). In 2011, the prevalence of Americans with diabetes was estimated at 25.8 million, or 8.3% of the population. If current trends continue, it is predicted that by 2050, up to 1 in 3 American adults will be diagnosed with diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2014). In 2012, the global health problem cost patients diagnosed in the United States $245 billion. The global commercial biosensor market is expected to reach $12 billion by 2015. Importantly, glucose biosensors account for up to 90% of the global universal biosensor market. biosensors (Global Industry Analysts, Inc., 2011). Therefore, the main topic of this article is a careful consideration of their chemical application and their distinctive characteristics. The emergence of the glucose biosensor represented a historical milestone in the diagnosis of diabetes. The first glucose biosensor was publicly proposed by Professor Leland C. Clark Jr. in 1962 at the New York Academy of Sciences symposium. His particular research described “how to make electrochemical sensors more intelligent by adding enzymatic transducers as membrane-enclosed sandwiches” (Clark et al., 1962). The first successful glucose biosensor was called “YSI model 23A analyzer” developed by Yellow Springs Instrument Company in 1975. It was usually used only by professionals and hospitals because the cost of equipment for operation and analysis exceeded $20,000 (Rypins et al., 1985 ). In 2000, a more non-invasive method was introduced through the invention of the GlucoWatch® Biographer. The wearable glucose meter... center of paper... Volume 27, pp. 147-159. Rypins, E., Sankary, H., & Wynn, M. (1985). Bedside micromethod for effective hepatic blood flow measurement using first-order galactose elimination pharmacokinetics. Clinical Chemistry, pp.Vol. 31, No. 9, 1557-1559.Silverman, B., Jain, A., Ichalkaranje, A., & Jain, L. (2005). 8.4 Wearable applications. In Smart Paradigms for Healthcare Enterprises: Systems Thinking (p. 254). Netherlands: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.Sterlin, A. (2010, June 15). 510(k) Number: K092638. FreeStyle 5 Blood Glucose Monitoring System. Alameda, California, United States of America: Abbott Laboratories Wang, J. (2001). Glucose biosensors: 40 years of progress and challenges. Electroanalysis, vol. 13, no. 12, 983-988. Wang, J. (2008). Electrochemical glucose biosensors. American Chemical Society: Chemical Reviews, vol. 108, n. 2, 814-825.