About 10,000 migrants settle in the strip of land bordering the Pacific Ocean in present-day Chile. The Inca civilization settled primarily in central Chile because the rugged, arid terrain dissuaded them from settling further north . They supported themselves mainly through agriculture, hunting and fishing. Inca settlements were the primary occupants of this land until 1536, when Spanish conquistadors docked off the coast of present-day Peru in search of wealth, mainly gold. Upon arrival, Diego de Almagro suffered immensely; He had unknowingly chosen the most brutal route possible to the fertile inhabited land; Because of the route he took, most of his men and horses starved and froze to death. In 1495, unbeknownst to the indigenous populations of the Americas, the land had already been awarded to two of the superpowers of the time: Spain and Portugal. Thousands of miles away, the papal Treaty of Tordesillas was signed and sealed and declared all territory west of Brazil to Spain. The Chilean conquest began in 1540 and was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarro's lieutenants, who eventually founded the city of Santiago on February 12, 1541. They dug much of the land in search of riches but were unable to locate gold or silver; however, the Spanish observed the agricultural techniques of the indigenous people and realized that if the land was cultivated properly, Chilean soil would have vast agricultural potential, so Chile became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Only six months after the founding of Santiago, the indigenous people reacted. They razed the city and swept away all the colonists' supplies; however, the settlers withstood numerous attacks and the population resisted despite congressional policy in the United States. The Chilean judiciary is a partially independent entity and includes the civil, criminal and family sectors. and employment tribunals, courts of appeal, a military court system, a constitutional tribunal and the Supreme Court. They exercise their functions through separate chambers, composed of at least five judges each, presided over by the most senior member or the president of the court itself. The Supreme Court is made up of seventeen members, who choose a president from among themselves for a three-year term. At no time does the president have the power to adopt or modify the duties of the judiciary. Chile has sixteen courts of appeal, each with jurisdiction over at least one province. Most courts have four members, but the two largest courts have thirteen and the Santiago Court of Appeal has twenty-five..