Short answer identification questions (50 points)3. The stark contrast between the nonviolent, civil disobedience stance of the Civil Rights Movement and the self-reliance and self-defense stance of the Black Power Movement is best exposed through the legacy of Robert F. Williams. Williams was the leader of the Monroe, North Carolina chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1956. Williams' militancy culminated in his admission to the National Rifle Association and the formation of the Monroe Black Guard, a self-organization. advocacy group developed to provide protection to black residents in the city. Williams was outspoken in his stance on self-defense. He was not opposed to resorting to violence if the consequence endangered the safety of Black Monroe residents. However, Williams' position isolated him from the mainstream civil rights movement. During the early 1960s, mainstream organizations associated with the civil rights movement, such as the NAACP, rejected Williams' accusations of violence in the name of self-defense. His position conflicted with the NAACP's embrace of civil disobedience. As a result, Williams was suspended from the NAACP in 1961. Armed self-defense was beginning to take shape in the South. Organizations such as Deacons for Defense and Justice have challenged the traditional perspective of Christian ministers as nonviolent peacekeepers through gun ownership to address oppression under Jim Crow. Williams was sent into forced exile in Cuba where he wrote his book Negroes with Guns (1962), which is said to have inspired Huey P Newton to adopt more radical positions. Amiri Baraka was a distinguished writer and critic of his generation. He was a well-known communist, Pa...... middle of paper ......perceived the internal transformation experienced by many activists of his generation. He began his career in advocacy as a black member of a white movement, the Beat Generation. However, feeling disillusioned with the Beats, he explored communist ideology and became an opponent of oppression and racial discrimination. He fell in love with the teachings of Malcolm X and quickly transformed into a literary black nationalist who advocated violence against white aggression through poetry, drama, and essays. Baraka's final conversion occurs with the founding of the Black Power Movement, where he completely transforms into a pan-African nationalist. Throughout his later life, Baraka remained a controversial figure. He was Poet Laureate of New Jersey from 2002 to 2003, but was forced to resign from the position after accusations of anti-Semitism. Baraka died in January 9, 2014