Alternative/contemporary medical theories to vitalism. Alternative medicines have built many theories to determine the impact of vitalism on the body. Some of the best known theories concern bioenergetic fields and subsets of this category. This means that humans are surrounded by an energy field, as proposed by Mesmer in his theories. These are called human “aura” (Patterson,1998). Every organ in the body has an electromagnetic frequency, a factor used by alternative healers to direct their specific treatment modality. When disease occurs, it is due to a struggle between positive and negative electromagnetic waves within the body (Stenger, 1999). Alternative practitioners claim “that they can cure many ills by 'manipulating' this field, thus bringing the 'living energies' of the body into balance” (Stenger, 1999). The idea of ​​bioenergetic fields inspired the Unified Biofield Theory. In summary, this theory suggests that bioenergetic fields surpass reductionist scientific theories, as it is a holistic living force (Stenger, 1999), not the biochemical meaning of energy exchange within people and between them and the environment. Practitioners adapt to this by understanding that the body is composed of many parts, such as emotional, physical, social, mental, and spiritual. They accommodate all these aspects in their treatments. The holism implicit in these treatments suggests “a universe of objects interacting simultaneously, and so strongly that none can ever be treated separately” (Stenger, 1999). Biomedical criticisms of alternative theories. The physical sciences, such as physics, chemistry, and biology are a large part of the biomedical sciences (since these are the scientific worldviews... middle of paper... therein lies biomedical vitalism. Everything in the body can be related to cognition, and in turn, vitalism. Each organ of the body contains life force as part of the body contained in vitalism. This life force can be seen in the fact that all organs possess a frequency at which they function (e.g : echocardiograms in the heart. ) High organ function relies on sleep, nutrition, exercise, emotional state, mental well-being and other factors for optimal production greater health. This means that the brain has less need for restoration the body has greater resistance to disease. There is homeostasis or balance in the body and the link between mental, emotional and physical is achieved these factors and the function of the body, which leads to vitalism.