Introduction: Vitalism is "a doctrine that the processes of life are not explainable by the laws of physics and chemistry alone and that life is in some part self-determining" (Merriam-Webster, 2014). This doctrine also states that “the functions of a living organism are due to a vital principle distinct from physicochemical forces” (Merriam-Webster, 2014). The principle of life force forms the great divide between alternative and biomedical health systems, as biomedicine rejects the theories suggested by alternative medicines. Although previously rejected in biomedicine, vitalism can be found in biomedical principles. By examining the history of health care separation and alternative theories/critiques, it is evident where biomedicine differs in opinion. Analysis of how vitalistic theories apply to biomedical principles suggests that vitalism is present in Western medicine. By unveiling some of the principles of vitalism present in biomedicine, it becomes more evident how biomedical healing can occur through some of these principles, bridging the gap between the two healthcare systems. Literature review: The history of vitalism. a long history in theories and criticisms related to vitalism. In ancient times “the life force was widely identified with the breath” (Stenger, 1999). Many cultures had different names for this same concept, as material substance was ultimately related to breath (Stenger, 1999). Spirit became an immaterial entity that gave life to all living beings. This concept remained prominent for some time during the Greek and Roman empires. Hippocrates was the first Western theorist to write on the topic of vitalism. He supposed that “…the central part of the article……referred to a bioenergetic field, which originated from Mesmer's theories. Building on Mesmer's beliefs about force, William Crookes and Oliver Lodge “sought evidence of what they called the 'psychic force' that they believed was responsible for the mysterious powers of the mind” (Stenger, 1999). This theory made no scientifically proven breakthroughs, but the idea of “parapsychology” (Stenger, 1999) continued to be studied for another hundred years. There were many other psychologists, scientists and theorists who attributed their views to vitalism. Unfortunately, vitalism has become a very broad term whose specific details vary between each avenue of contemporary and alternative medicine. These divergent paths have made it very difficult to understand a correct history of the theories because vitalistic concepts have spread across many continents and healing groups.
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