Almost all discussions of polarization in political science consider it in the context of political parties and the democratic system of government. When polarization occurs in a two-party system, moderate voices often lose power and influence. Political polarization occurs in cases where an individual's position on a particular issue, policy, or person is more likely to be defined by his or her identification with a particular political party, such as a Democrat or Republican. Polarization as a state refers to the extent to which opinions on an issue are opposed relative to a theoretical maximum. As a process, it refers to the increase in opposition over time. Some political scientists argue that polarization requires deviation on a broad range of issues based on a coherent set of beliefs, while others argue that it occurs when there are ideological or opinionated divisions. Political scientists distinguish between two types of political polarization, popular polarization and elite polarization. Popular polarization occurs when polarization occurs in the electorate and the general public, and elite polarization occurs in political elites, such as party organizers and elected officials. Both opinions and political positions are characterized by a strict allegiance to party lines. Popular polarization and elite polarization can occur simultaneously or independently. The central question in the study of political polarization is to investigate the relationship between the two. Political scientists have identified a variety of causes of political polarization, including political parties, public political ideology, and the media. Scholars argue that divergent parties have been one of the driving forces of polarization as political platforms have… paper… make incumbents as safe as possible and grab as many seats as possible, ending up with elected officials who represent a coherent electorate, which results in more extreme and less moderate candidates. The reorganization plans have been so political that most have given rise to lawsuits. States must move toward non- or bipartisan redistricting commissions, as in Iowa or Arizona. Another proposal is that there be an active review of institutional performance. This proposal comes from the military, which constantly monitors the performance of its institutions and units. The government should take a similar approach to its institutions and programs, evaluating them against standards and then working to fix them. Our current system emphasizes denial of problems for political purposes, then arguments erupt and finger-pointing when something goes wrong.