A degree in graphic design or a related field is a student's starting point. However, if a student enters another field, it would be beneficial for him to undergo technology training to meet hiring qualifications. The National Association of Schools of Art and Design has 320 accredited post-secondary colleges, universities and independent institutions with art and design programs. Most of these schools include studio art, design principles, computer-aided design, commercial graphics production, printing techniques, and website design. A student should also consider taking courses in writing, marketing, and business to get an edge in this occupation. Many designers can also gain first-hand experience by doing an internship. Portfolios are a necessity for a designer, because they show the client the designer's talent and experience. A designer should keep up with the latest software to stay competitive and not lose the competitive edge with other designers. There are important qualities that an employer should look for when considering hiring a designer; these qualities include analytical, artistic, communication, computing, creativity, and time management