3. Theoretical topics3.1. History of dumpingAccording to EU policies, a product is considered to be dumped if its export price to the EU is lower than a comparable price for a like product in the ordinary course of trade or in the country of origin of the exporter (Andersen, 2009) . The definition includes concepts that take into account a comparable price, similar product, normal commercial operations and the exporting country (Barcelo, 1972). These conditions are similar to those under WTO law. However, according to WTO law, the definition of dumping includes the condition of “intended for consumption”. This condition is not inherent in the EU definition of dumping (Andersen, 2009). In general, dumping involves the export of goods to another destination at rates significantly lower than those charged in the country of origin. The WTO assumes that dumping should be prevented if it threatens to cause harm to an established industry in a market or is capable of delaying the creation of a viable domestic industry (Paul, 2008). One of the first contemporary definitions of dumping is “unfair pricing and competition between national markets” (Futrell, 2001, p.254). This definition is found in the antidumping law provisions of the Emergency Tariff Act of 1921 in the United States (United States Tariff Commission, 2014). The legislative purpose of the law was to prevent the sale of foreign goods in US markets at prices lower than the prices of the same goods in the US market (Futrell, 2001). The current WTO legislation on anti-dumping and anti-dumping measures is set out in Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and in the WTO Agreement on the Implementation...... middle of paper ......trade (%);Weighted average tariffs applied by the country (%).The methodology replicates the strategy adopted by Aggarwal (2004) and applies it to the cases of the USA and the EU. The empirical model is as follows:〖AD〗_t=α+β_1 〖Imports〗_(t-1)+β_2 〖Industry〗_(t-1)+β_3 〖Net exports〗_(t-1)+β_4 〖 Rates〗_(t-1)+ε(AD stands for aggregate demand) The regression is estimated in Eviews (2014). The results are used to test the following hypotheses deduced from the literature review: H1: Antidumping regulation tends to increase during recessions and economic slowdowns; H2: an increase in the growth rate of imports stimulates the implementation of anti-dumping measures; H3: Accumulation of trade surplus leads to reduction of anti-dumping procedures; H4: Countries with a stronger protectionist attitude, indicated by higher tariffs, tend to be more active in anti-dumping regulation.