Index IntroductionBotryosphaeria diebackEsca complexEutypa DiebackPetri's diseaseControl measuresConclusionIntroductionNew Zealand is home to many trunk diseases that pose a risk to the New Zealand viticulture and wine industry. Therefore analysis of these trunk diseases and their effects on grapevine cultivars is vital to the New Zealand wine industry. This review aims to address each of the trunk diseases in New Zealand in alphabetical order. Next the review will address how these diseases can be controlled. The primary aim of this literature review is to understand New Zealand trunk diseases; then discuss management practices that can be implemented to control these trunk diseases and their spread. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay Trunk diseases currently found in New Zealand are Botryopheria dieback, Eutypa dieback and Petri disease and part of the esca complex. These diseases have been found to contribute to reduced sugars and nutrients in the berry fruit. These diseases can also cause vine death and the death of young vines. Stem diseases also affect the translocation of nutrients throughout the plant, this in turn affects the plant as it can no longer easily supply nutrients to other places on the plant. Each disease listed in this document has different disease-specific symptoms. Botryospheria and Eutypa dieback diseases however have very similar symptoms, so it can be very difficult to identify the difference between the two when a trained person is monitoring a vineyard. New Zealand trunk diseases are the same organisms that exist overseas and are the same organisms that have been the cause of economic loss overseas. One of the cases where this has occurred is California which, as of 2014, loses 260 million people every year to the Botryospheria and Eutypa wasting diseases. Trunk diseases have caused further damage to overseas wine industries, for example in France the fight against trunk diseases cost a total of 1.14 billion euros. This demonstrates the significant economic losses at stake due to trunk disease if left unmanaged. New Zealand may face similar losses in the future if a greater understanding of stem diseases is not found, therefore this document should be used as a tool to enable a greater understanding of vineyard stem diseases and the management practices used to control these diseases.All The diseases included in this document have treatment options which will be addressed collectively at the end of the New Zealand Trunk Diseases discussion. This is mainly because two of the three diseases that pose a significant risk in New Zealand can be managed and controlled in a similar way. The exception to this rule is young Esca/young vine decline which has different management procedures than Botryosperia and Eutypa dieback. Young esca disease has control mechanisms that require the nursery to take responsibility for ensuring clean grafting and good vineyard hygiene, to contribute to the spread of the disease, and to attempt to prevent its spread to newly planted vines and vineyards infected. Botryosphaeria diebackbotryosphaeria dieback is a disease that can affect the trunk of the vine. The decay ofBotryosphaeria can enter through open vine wounds. This disease is commonly spread through wind and rain spray, making it a disease that easily spreads throughout the vineyard. Botryosphaeria has the ability to overwinter in the vine and remain there until spring returns. This means that after the winter the disease will re-emerge in the following phenological year. Botryosphaeria dieback is known to delay bud break and cause weak shoots on the vine. An infected plant may also have cupped leaves when symptomatic. Botryosphaeria can also manifest itself as a lack of shoots during canopy development. In the worst case scenario a vine may fail to break dormancy in spring and summer because it is affected by botryosphaeria dieback. Botryosphaeria dieback can cause dead necrosis in the xylem of a vine, causing canker sores and death of parts of the trunk. This process will eventually lead to the death of the vine and a place for the Botryosphaeria fruiting bodies to inhabit. Blocking the xylem tissue within the vine prevents the translocation of nutrients into the vine, this will affect the leaves and fruit of the vine, affecting natural solubility levels. Brix and assimilable nitrogen content of the yeast in the berry. For example, the soluble Brix of non-diseased fruit was 22.3, while in diseased fruit it was only 21.4 Brix. Most symptoms of Botryosphaeria appear only after 8 years of propagation, however such symptoms are still possible before this period. The optimal temperature for Botryosphaeria dieback infection is between 23 and 26 degrees Celsius. Esca Complex The Esca complex is a series of different organisms that make up Esca and Petri disease. Esca disease does not currently exist in New Zealand. It should be noted however that there are parts of the complex that have been observed in New Zealand. While some parts of the complex in New Zealand may not pose a risk at this time, they may pose a risk in the future. That's why it is included in this list because it is something that cannot be ignored in the long term. Esca is a collection of diseases that colonize the xylem tissue within the vine, blocking xylem tissue and nutrient transport around the plant. Therefore the disease causes wilting of the leaves. The disease causes leaves to acquire brown or purple spots. The bait can survive through the winter as it can survive in trunk cracks. Esca is a disease that has two types of spread: asexual and sexual stages of the disease. Esca disease causes dark spots on the berries that often appear between the phenological stages of fruit set and vine ripening. The disease causes berries to shrivel and can cause them to dry out on the vine. Shoot tip dieback can occur on vines early in the season with this disease, causing shoot defoliation and ultimately shoot dieback. When leaves are produced, interveinal chlorosis persists throughout the canopy. The bait will eventually cause the death of the vine if left untreated. Eutypa dieback Eutypa is a trunk disease that affects vines in a similar way to Botryospheria dieback as it blocks the xylem and causes a wedge of dead black tissue to form within the trunk. The disease grows and spreads rapidly in high rainfall, especially in areas where rainfall exceeds 600 mm per year. Eutypa dieback spreads through open wounds on the vine. The disease usually appears after the first 10 years of growth. This disease will slowly cause the health of the vine to deteriorate over time. TheEutypa dieback and Botryosphaeria dieback are made up of a mixture of different organisms such as Libertella blepharis for Eutypa dieback and Botryosphaeria Stevensii for Botryosphaeria dieback. Eutypa dieback can cause vine cankers along with vine death. Any dead wood on the vine becomes an area from which fruiting bodies can be produced and spread. The disease spreads through rain splashes and stagnant water. Where cuts have been made to the vine, in an area subject to waterlogging or accumulation, due care should be taken to prevent Eutypa infection. Petri disease Petri disease is a trunk disease found in New Zealand. Called young vine decline, it often leads to stunting and death of young vines. Within the first 5-6 years of growth the disease can cause early defoliation, together with leaf chlorosis. The disease is part of the esca complex and usually results from an infected rootstock. This disease can cause the tissue inside the vine to turn black. Petri disease usually comes from infected rootstocks before grafting, the disease can limit root growth along with shoot growth, the vine is usually significantly affected. Petri disease is part of the esca complex, however it does not represent esca disease. Petri disease can slow root growth and black vascular streaks as tissue within the plant is affected by the disease. This disease usually enters the vine while the plant is in the nursery or establishing in a vineyard due to rootstock damage causing the infection. This disease kills the trunk of the vine. Control measures for Botryosphaeria and Eutypa dieback Preventing damage to vines is a fundamental part of managing Botryosphaeria and Eutypa dieback. Both of these diseases infect the vine through wound sites, these wounds could be caused by anything, including mowing and pruning the vine. A good way to prevent the death of Botryospheria and Eutypa is through a process of covering the wounds with a pruning paste. To prevent the disease from entering the vine. If a vine is partially infected Cutting back infected wood will stop the spread of the disease as pruning dressing applied to any wounds related to this process on the vine should stop the spread of these diseases. If the vine is completely infected, it must be removed as it cannot be recovered. Controlling Petri's Disease Petri's disease can be managed through proper practices adopted in the nursery when grafting vines. Ensuring that all propagation material, such as rootstocks, is clean and healthy is a step in the right direction. These practices can be combined with waxing and soaking newly grafted vines in fungicide, along with removing all dead wood and sterilizing pruning equipment and grafting equipment. Many of the processes involved in the Grafted Grapevine Standard cover the control of vine diseases during grafting, in the vine health area of ​​the standard. Therefore, in order to sell grafted vines in New Zealand you must ensure that adequate sterilization and hygiene has been carried out on the shoot and rootstock before the vines can be sold. Thanks to this standard, New Zealand has a lower chance of contracting this disease in newly grafted vines. Tinder Disease Control Tinder control works along the same lines as other trunk disease controls. The best way to.