IndexWilsonianism and the legacy of Woodrow WilsonRoosevelt's main contribution to the construction of US foreign policy institutionsTruman's revolution in foreign policyWilsonianism and the legacy of Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson was the 28th president of the United States of America, serving from 1913 to 1921. His thinking was based on three main concepts: foreign policy should serve broad human concerns rather than selfish interests, the goal was to reshape a world city through war by addressing revolutions (in Mexico and Russia) and the United States should have a say in the peacemaking process (liberal peace program). Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original EssayOne of the most important aspects of his foreign policy dealings was the aggressive moral diplomacy he used against Mexico. He later appealed to Americans to remain completely neutral during World War I, but after some American ships were sunk and the public arrival of the Zimmermann telegram offended Americans, Wilson asked Congress to proclaim war on Germany. Wilson had proposed a military readiness program just in time in 1915. This helped the US Navy move quickly to help the British Army annihilate the danger posed by German submarines to Allied dispatch by the end of 1917. However, l he most notable implication in political foreign policy is the creation of the “Fourteen Points”. Having succeeded in war, Wilson would have liked to reform the leadership of global initiatives at the peace table. He initially outlined his vision in the "Fourteen Points" speech delivered to Congress on January 8, 1918. He called for a "new diplomacy" including "open pacts openly reached." Secret agreements, similar to those that had brought the world to war in 1914, would never be tolerated again and all the regions involved in the war would be emptied. Wilson had to dismantle the grandiose demand by opening the frontier possessions to inevitable self-government and every single European area of ​​the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian dominions to rapid autonomy. He also proposed a general demilitarization after the war, with the Germans and Austrians surrendering their armed forces. Reasonable treatment of progressive Russia, he announced, would be the “acid test” of harmony. Different focuses included ocean opportunities consistently and organized trade anywhere in the world. But Wilson's most important proposal was the prevention of future wars by means of a new international organization, a league of nations, open to the membership of all democratic states. This new world body would be responsible for the disarmament and dismantling of colonial possessions. More importantly, the League would have power over all disputes between its members. Wilson believed that this League would transform international relations and usher in a new era of world peace. In conclusion, he is one of the most important presidents in the history of the United States who reformed the ideology of the time with the transition from a traditional American unilateralist vision to a universalist vision – the interests of all nations are ours too. Roosevelt's Major Contribution to Building U.S. Foreign Policy Institutions During his first six years in office, Franklin Roosevelt invested much of his energy in trying to lift the United States out of the Great Depression. The President, however, most certainly has notoverlooked America's remote approach to achieving the New Deal. Unlike President Hoover, who trusted that the Depression emerged from global conditions, Roosevelt was confident that the country's financial problems were largely domestic in origin. During this early period of his activity, Roosevelt achieved his most important external achievement through his "Good Neighbor" strategy towards Latin America and the countries of the Western Hemisphere. In effect, Hoover initiated the “Good Neighbor” activity and Roosevelt merely continued the course of his predecessor. Roosevelt needed to curb Japan's development strength in Asia by supporting China, despite the fact that this strategy had severe breaking points. Hitler began his disastrous triumph in Europe in 1936, bringing his troops into the Rhineland, a neutral territory encompassing France, Belgium and Germany. Roosevelt's sentiments were clearly on the side of the British and French, yet he was hampered by the Neutrality Acts and a solid independent coalition in American government affairs. Roosevelt's initiative in this period was vital, although far from perfect. He and British Chief Administrator Winston Churchill formed a successful group and jointly proclaimed their countries' war objectives in August 1941, called the "Atlantic Charter." situation in Asia, and above all by the slowdown in US-Japan relations. With the onset of global war, foreign policymaking became more complex and even messier. To meet the rapidly expanding demands of a host of new global diplomatic and military problems, FDR created a massive foreign policy bureaucracy that would become a permanent fixture of American life. Even before Pearl Harbor, he concluded that the State Department could not meet the demands of all-out war. Thus, as with the national New Deal programs, he established emergency “alphabet soup” agencies. Some of them were given deceptively innocent names, perhaps reflecting the nation's continued innocence, more likely to obscure their purpose. An Office of Facts and Figures, later the Office of War Information (OWI), was responsible for propaganda at home and abroad; The Information Coordinator, forerunner of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) - and later of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - was America's first independent intelligence agency. These new agencies took on various wartime tasks: the OWI censored the press and churned out posters, magazines, comics, films, and cartoons to undermine enemy morale and sell the war and U.S. war aims to allies and neutrals ; The Office of Lend-Lease Administration (OLLA) administered that essential wartime foreign aid program; Wallace's Board of Economic Warfare (BEW) conducted preemptive purchases to keep vital raw materials out of enemy hands and manipulated trade to benefit the war effort. In conclusion, Roosevelt firmly believed in the superiority of American values ​​and institutions. He was also certain that post-war peace and stability depended on the extension of those principles throughout the world and that other peoples would accept them if given the chance. The New Deal, in his view, pointed the way to the future, and he saw the war as an opportunity to promote world reform along those lines. He saw the limits of American power better than Wilson; he intuitively understood that diplomatic problems were not always amenable to clear-cut solutions leading to the idea of ​​pragmatic idealism. He moved his nation away from its unilateralist tradition toward international cooperation. However, aUnlike his mentor, who had insisted that the United States fight as an “associated” power, Roosevelt assumed leadership of the United Nations. The Truman Revolution in Foreign Policy President Harry S. Truman faced exceptional difficulties in world affairs during his nearly eight years of life. in the office. Truman led the United States through the end of World War II, the beginning of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, and the unfolding of the nuclear age. Truman mediated with American troops in the dispute between North Korea and South Korea and supported the production of the province of Israel in the Middle East. Overall, Truman's external strategy established some of the essential standards and duties that imprinted America's remote approach for the remainder of the twentieth century. Truman acquired Roosevelt's Office of National Security, but changed it, both in personnel and organization, over the course of his administration. Truman also revamped the country's military and national security apparatus with the enactment of the National Security Act in 1947. The law served three basic purposes. It brought together the Army, Navy, and Air Force under a National Military Establishment (NME) headed by a regular citizen Secretary of Defense. In response to the turmoil that was the new world “order” and the perception of a global threat from the Soviet Union, between 1945 and 1953 the Truman administration overturned traditional assumptions of U.S. foreign policy. Unilateralism has given way to multilateralism. Through the policy of containment, the Truman administration undertook a series of international engagements, launched dozens of programs, and organized a peacetime military buildup that would have been unthinkable just ten years earlier. The era of American globalism had begun. Political decision-making changed dramatically under Truman's very different leadership style: Truman saw a complex world in terms of black and white. He shared the parochialism of most Americans of his generation, saw people, races, and nations through the crudest stereotypes, and sometimes used ethnic slurs. He believed that the American way of doing things was the correct way and that peace should be based on American principles. He preferred frank language to the velvety tones of diplomacy. He was determined, but this could also reflect his lack of experience and sometimes deep insecurity. One of the most important policies he developed is the Truman Doctrine which meant “that the United States would provide political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations threatened by external or internal authoritarian forces.” plunged into the Greek Civil War, the first of many similar forays. It was a particularly vicious conflict with atrocities on both sides. The United States focused solely on military success and did little to address the problems that had caused the rebellion. U.S. aid undoubtedly played an important role in the government's survival and may have discouraged greater Soviet involvement. The crucial factor in the outcome was the role of the communist nations. Stalin responded to the Truman Doctrine by briefly helping the rebels, but refused to recognize them and within six months cut off aid. More importantly, he insisted that Tito in Yugoslavia do the same, causing an irreparable rift, the first rift in the communist “bloc.” Another vital element developed by Truman is the so-called Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan provided $13 billion in economic assistance. US funds have carried out an extraordinary array of activities, helping to..