The first method to increase drug solubility is reducing particle size, drug solubility is often related to drug particle size; the reduction in particle size results in an increase in the surface area to volume ratio, which allows for greater interaction with the solvent leading to an increase in solubility. (Savjani, Savjani, Gajjar, 2012). Several conventional methods are used for particle size reduction, including comminution (grinding and milling), spray drying, and micronization (Chaudhary, Nagaich, Gulati, Sharma, & Khosa, 2012). Micronization increases the dissolution rate of drugs through increased surface area. Decreasing the particle size of these drugs has the advantage of improving their dissolution rate (B, P, S, & G, 2014). The drug micronization technique is performed by milling techniques using jet mills, stator rotor colloidal mills (Vimalson, Parimalakrishnan, Jeganathan, & Anbazhagan, 2016). As for the advantages of particle size reduction, it is useful for drug extraction and drying, improves the absorption rate as well as physical stability and dissolution rate, and increases the surface area, while the disadvantages include drug degradation and poor mixing (Patel, Baria, & Patè, 2008). Griseofulvin (GF) (C17H17ClO6) is a drug whose solubility can be increased by reducing particle size. Griseofulvin is an antifungal drug that belongs to a class of drugs called antifungal agents and is used to treat fungal infections of the skin and nails. (Hsu & Arndt, 2007) Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay The second technique used to increase the solubility of drugs is crystalline modification. Generally, solid drugs can exist in the form of a regularly repeating three-dimensional structure called a crystal lattice, thus producing a crystalline solid characterized by their toughness and its high, high melting points (Ferraz, Carpentieri, & Watanabe, 2007), or they can aggregate without a three-dimensional order structure and are called amorphous solid drugs (Sivasankar, 2008). Both forms of solid drugs have different biological and physicochemical properties such as shelf life, melting point, vapor pressure, solubility, morphology, density and bioavailability. These properties can influence the stability and activity of the drug within the formulation. (Jadhav, Pacharane, Pednekar, Koshy, & Kadam, 2012). Furthermore, the energy required for the separation of molecules in the amorphous form is lower than that of the crystalline form which provides amorphous solids with greater solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability compared to the crystalline structure. These properties in turn make the amorphous form of a drug more therapeutically effective than the corresponding crystalline form. (Ferraz, Carpentieri, & Watanabe, 2007) The amorphous form of the drug can be formed by certain methods or techniques, including cryogenic techniques, followed by various drying processes such as: spray freezing on cryogenic fluids, spray freezing in cryogenic liquids ( SFL), spray freezing in Vapor on Liquid (SFV/L) and Ultra Rapid Freezing (URF). (Savjani, Savjani, Gajjar, 2012). One of the main advantages of the amorphous form of the drug is that it provides higher experimentally determined solubility values compared to the crystalline form. While one, 2007).
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