The Ishihara test is a color perception test for red-green color deficiencies, the first in a class of successful color vision tests called pseudo-isochromatic plates ("PIPs"). It is named after its creator, Dr. Shinobu Ishihara, a professor at the University of Tokyo, who first published his tests in 1917. The test consists of a series of colored plates, called Ishihara plates, each of which contains a circle of dots appearing randomized by color and size. Within the drawing there are dots that form a number or shape that is clearly visible to those with normal color vision and invisible, or difficult to see, to those with red-green color vision defects. Other plates are intentionally designed to reveal numbers only to those with red/green color vision deficiency and be invisible to those with normal red/green color vision. The complete test consists of 38 plates, but the existence of a severe deficiency is usually evident only after a few plates. There is also an Ishihara test consisting of 10, 14 or 24 test plates. Since this is a printed plate, the accuracy of the test depends on using the correct lighting to illuminate the page. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay A "daylight" bulb, with a temperature of approximately 6,000-7,000 K (ideal: 6,500 K, color rendering (CRI) >90) is required to provide the most accurate results and is required for military politics color vision screening. Fluorescent bulbs are used many times in school tests, but the color of fluorescent bulbs and their CRI can vary greatly. Incandescent light bulbs should not be used, as their low temperature (yellow color) provides highly inaccurate results, allowing some people with color vision deficits to pass by. The correct testing technique is to allow only three seconds per plate for a response and not allow coaching, touching, or tracking of numbers by the subject. It is best to administer the test in a random sequence, if possible, to reduce the effectiveness of subjects' prior memorization of answers. Some pseudo-isochromatic plate books have the pages in binders, so the plates can be rearranged periodically to randomize the test. Since its creation, the Ishihara color blindness test has become commonly used throughout the world due to its ease of use and high accuracy. In recent years the Ishihara test has become available online in addition to the original paper version. Although both media use the same plates, they require different methods for accurate diagnosis. The US Navy uses Ishihara plates (and alternatives) for color vision screening. Current passing score is 12 correct on 14 red/green test plates (excluding demonstration plate). Research has shown that scores below twelve indicate color vision deficiency, and twelve or more correct indicate normal color vision, with a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 100%. The sensitivity of the Ishihara test varies based on the number of plates allowed to pass, which may vary based on institutional policy. Sensitivity can also be affected by test administration (intensity of lighting, time allowed to respond) and by test errors (coaching by administrators, stains or marks left on the plates). Visual impairment and blindness have remained one of the most important health problems in Eastern Mediterranean countries [3],.